BIOLOGY (BIO) BIO 5000. Bibliography and Research/(4).S. A study of scientific writing and oral presentations using exercises in writing and speaking. Skills in searching the literature, presenting papers in specific formats, and reviewing science writing will be developed. Students are required to attend and critique science seminars and to develop a presentation using modern computer technologies to present before fellow students. Required in the first year of graduate study. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. BIO 5202. Organismal Ecology/(4).S.(Alternate Years). The study of the relationships among individual organisms and the biotic and abiotic environments. Structure/function relationships will be emphasized throughout the course. Topics to be covered include: energy budgets; gas exchange by plants and animals; resource acquisition; water relations; and morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations to environmental selection pressures. Lab will cover techniques of measuring gas exchange in both animals and plants; nutrient uptake; water relations; foraging efficiencies and physiological optima; and techniques in microclimate measurement. Prerequisites: BIO 3302 and either BIO 3301 or 5555. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. BIO 5212. Population Ecology/(4).F.(Alternate Years). This course will employ genetic and ecological principles to explore the population dynamics of plants and animals. The role of populations in evolutionary and ecological processes will be emphasized. Topics will include conservation and loss of genetic variation in natural populations; growth and regulation of populations; and factors affecting their demography, distribution and abundance. Labs will include models of growth and regulation along with techniques for analysis of populations in the field. Prerequisites: BIO 3302 and 3306. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. BIO 5222. Communities and Ecosystem Ecology/(4).F. A holistic consideration of the interactions among populations of different species with their biotic and abiotic environments. Topics to be covered include succession; patterns in species diversity; community productivity; biogeochemical cycling; ecosystem structure and function. Labs will involve studies of net primary producation, nutrient cycling, succession, and diversity, and will include both laboratory and field work. Prerequisite: BIO 3302. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. BIO 5250. Topics in Ecology/(2).F;S. This seminar is designed to encourage students to develop more deeply into the ecological and evolutionary literature, with a focus on "hot" issues (e.g. the application of chaos theory to ecology, controversies over global warming, etc.). The students will be required to interpret the results of relevant papers, and to present those findings to other students and faculty. Students will be asked to do one or two presentations per semester, to critique the other students and to engage in discussion of all the papers read. Prerequisite: BIO 3302. Lecture two hours. May be repeated for credit when content does not duplicate. BIO 5500. Independent Study/(1-4).F;S. BIO 5502. Freshwater Ecology/(4).F. A study of the abiotic and biotic factors that influence the distribution and abundance of species in freshwater communities. Laboratory exercises include field trips to local streams and lakes. Prerequisites: BIO 1110 or 1101-1102; 2000, 2001, 3302 or equivalent, or permission of instructor. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. BIO 5503. Basic and Applied Microbiology/(3).S. Lecture, laboratory and field trips dealing with the underlying principles and applications of techniques used in ecological, industrial and medical microbiology. Lecture two hours, laboratory work to be arranged by instructor. Prerequisite: BIO 3308. BIO 5504. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants/(3).SS. A study of the gross structure, reproduction, and development of the spermatophytes. Special emphasis is placed upon the classification and nomenclature of the spermatophytes. Lecture two hours, field work two hours. BIO 5505. Nature Study/(3).SS. Study of common plants and animals with emphasis on ecology, collecting techniques and identification. Designed for students with limited biology backgrounds. Not open to biology majors for credit. (Dual-listed with BIO 4550.) BIO 5506. Advanced Animal Physiology/(4).F. A comprehensive study of the physiology of the nervous, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory and endocrine systems with an emphasis on system coordination and integration. Laboratory experiments, readings and reports. Prerequisite: A course in general physiology or permission of instructor. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. BIO 5507. Comparative Invertebrate Physiology/(4).S. This course provides a comprehensive study of physiological processes in invertebrate animals, with emphasis on adaptations to differing life history strategies. The principal goal of the course is to contribute significantly to the student's understanding of basic biological theory. Some prior knowledge of cellular physiology, classification, and morphology of invertebrates will be assumed. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. BIO 5508. Biogeography/(3).S. The biological, climatological, geographic, and geological factors which affect the distribution of animal and plants. Patterns of distribution will be studied in relation to various sizes of geographical units. Three lecture hours. BIO 5512. Local Flora/(3).SS. A study of the common flora and economic plants of North Carolina including collection, identification, and methods of preservation. Lecture two hours, laboratory and field work two hours. BIO 5514. Plant Anatomy and Morphology/(3).S. A general survey of the external and internal structure of plants; detailed study of anatomy and morphology of representative plants from all the divisions. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. BIO 5520. Cells, Organisms and Evolution/(3).S. Various topics in cell and developmental biology are explored as they relate to evolutionary biology. In addition to a lecture format, this course is based on group discussions, oral presentations and written reports. Lecture three hours. BIO 5530-5549. Selected Topics/(1-4).On Demand. BIO 5551. Ornithology/(3).S. The morphology, physiology, behavior, ecology and identification of birds. Early morning field trips are required. Extended field trips to a variety of habitats will be arranged. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4551.) BIO 5552. Entomology/(3).F. A comparative survey of the insects and related arthropods with an emphasis on morphology and systematics. Methods of collection and preservation are covered. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4552.) BIO 5555. Plant Physiology/(4).F. A study of the basic principles of plant physiology and fundamental processes such as cell properties, water relations, growth, photosynthesis, respiration, and mineral nutrition. Prerequisites: CHE 1101, 1110, 1102, 1120 and CHE 2201 is strongly recommended. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4555.) BIO 5556. Mycology/(4).F. An investigation of the fungi with particular reference to the techniques of working with these organisms. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4556.) BIO 5557. Ichthyology/(3).F. Ecology, distribution, taxonomy and economic im- portance of fishes. Freshwater fishes will be emphasized. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4557.) BIO 5559. Mammalogy/(3).S. The natural history, distribution, adaptations, taxonomy and economic importance of mammals. Field trips and visits to zoos will be arranged. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4559.) BIO 5560. Herpetology/(3).F. The morphology, taxonomy, physiology, and distribution of amphibians and reptiles. Methods of collecting and preserving specimens as well as behavioral aspects of species in their natural habitats will be covered. Field trips will be required. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4560.) BIO 5563. Biology of Aging/(3).F. General study of biological/physiological changes over time in the structure and function of the systems of organisms with emphasis on the human body. Prerequisites: BIO 1101-1102 or equivalent. Lecture three hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4563.) BIO 5564. Electron Microscopy/(3).F. Formal discussions of preparative techniques for electron microscopy and theoretical considerations of light and electron optics will be the subjects of the lecture portion of the course. Practical exercises in fixation, embedment, ultramicrotony, staining, use of the electron microscope and interpretation of electron micrographs will be taught in laboratory. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4564.) BIO 5568. Immunology/(4).S. A study of the immune system with emphasis on cellular interactions involved in the generation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Lecture includes discussions on inflammation, antibody diversity, tissue transplantation, and immunopathologies. Laboratories examine lymphoid tissue organization, lymphocyte function, and antibody-antigen reactions with emphasis on clinical application. Prerequisite or co-requisite: BIO 3306. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4568.) BIO 5570. Parasitology/(3).F. A survey of protozoan, helminthic and arthropod parasites with emphasis on causation and prevention of disease. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4570.) BIO 5580. Field Biology of Continental U.S.A./(5).SS. Ecological investigations of major habitats in the U.S. Prerequisites: 16 hours in biology and consent of the instructor. (Dual-listed with BIO 4580.) BIO 5601. Animal Behavior-Ethology/(3).S. Basic principles of animal behavior are approached from an evolutionary perspective. Topics such as instinct, learning, biological clocks, sociobiology, communication and physiological mechanisms of behavior are stressed. Laboratory emphasizes techniques of observing, recording, and analyzing behavior using a research project format. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. (Dual-listed with BIO 4601.) BIO 5700. Advanced Cell Biology/(3).S.(Alternate Years). A detailed study of cellular structures and their functions as well as cellular communication and regulatory mechanisms, focusing on the eukaryotic cell. Prerequisite: a class in cell biology, molecular biology, or biochemistry or permission of the instruction. Lecture three hours. BIO 5777. Biometrics/(3).S. A descriptive treatment of statistical techniques used in collecting and analyzing data from biological systems. Statistical techniques include binomial, poisson, goodness-of-fit, one and two way anova, regression and correlation and many non-parametric tests. The laboratory emphasizes research design, analyzing data from student research and techniques of computer usage, expecially programs like BMDP. Prerequisite: STT 2810 or permission of the instructor. Lecture two hours, laboratory two hours. BIO 5900. Internship/(1-6).F;S. Practical biological experiences in federal, state, and local agencies. Graded on an S/U basis. (Dual-listed with BIO 4900.) BIO 5989. Graduate Research/(1-9).F;S. This course is designed to provide access to University facilities for continuing graduate research at the master's and specialist's levels. It is graded on an S/U basis and does not count toward a degree. BIO 5999. Thesis/(4).F;S. Graded on an S/U basis only. BIO 6500. Independent Study/(2-4).F;S. Student selects an area of investigation which must be approved by instructor and advisor. BIO 6520. Teaching Apprenticeship/(4).On Demand. This course provides a teaching experience in undergraduate courses under direct supervision of a graduate faculty member. Specific objectives will be determined in a conference between the student and the graduate faculty member involved. Graded on an S/U basis only. BIO 6530-6549. Selected Topics/(1-4).On Demand. BIO 6610. Advanced Seminar in Current Research Topics/(2).S. Lectures, readings, and discussions dealing with biological principles and theories. BIO 6614. Current Topics in Molecular Biology/(3).F. Recent advances in biology at the subcellular level. Lecture and laboratory. BIO 6618. Advanced Bacteriology/(2).S. Modern techniques and procedures in bacteriology, including instrumental and biochemical methods of analysis and interpretation of data. BIO 6989. Independent Research/(1-8).F.S. A total of 8 hours credit is required for this course and may be taken in blocks of 1-8 hours. Results of the research must be reported in a scientifically acceptable manner. Graded on an S/U basis only.