Selected Working Papers:

• BEYOND THE VOID? Implications of Hegemonic Competition and the Lack of American Military Leadership on the Military Spending of European Democracies, 1920-1938 (published in the 49th Parallel, Autumn 2003)

• “WEAK” EUROPEAN STATES IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE, 1920—1937: The Impact of External Threats, Market Forces, and Domestic Constraints (published in a slightly edited format in Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1/2002)

• Finances, Military (a long-run view of the significance of military expenditures in history, published in Ground Warfare. An International Encyclopedia, ed. by Stanley L. Sandler. Vols 1-3. Santa Barbara 2002)

• OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN THE GAME FOR PUBLIC GOODS: The Political Economy of Military Spending in Finland and Sweden, 1920—1938 (working paper, not published)

• Struggle for Leadership? Military Spending Behavior of the Great Powers, 1870—1913 (working paper, presented at several conferences)

• Warfare and Welfare? Understanding 19th and 20th Century Central Government Spending (University of Warwick, Department of Economics, The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series 699, 2004)