| DSM-III-R
Criteria 1 |
DSM-IV
Criteria 2 |
DSM-IV-R
Criteria 3 |
| A pervasive pattern of grandiosity
(in fantasy or behavior), lack of empathy, and hypersensitivity to the
evaluation of others, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety
of contexts, as indicated by at least five of the following: |
A pervasive
pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and
lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety
of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: |
A pervasive pattern
of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack
of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts,
as indicated by five (or more) of the following: |
| (1) Reacts to criticism
with feelings of rage, shame, or humiliate (even if not expressed) |
(1) Has a grandiose sense
of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects
to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements) |
(1) Has grandiose sense of
self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to
be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements) |
| (2) Is interpersonally exploitative:
takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends |
(2) Is preoccupied with fantasies
of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love |
(2) Is preoccupied with fantasies
of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love |
| (3) Believes that he or she
is "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate
with, other special or high-status people (or institutions) |
(3) Believes that he or she
is "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate
with, other special or high-status people (or institutions) |
(3) Believes that he or she
is "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate
with, other special or high-status people (or institutions) |
| (4) Believes that his or her
problems are unique and can be understood only by other special people |
(4) Requires excessive
admiration |
(4) Requires excessive
admiration |
| (5) Is preoccupied with fantasies
of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love |
(5) Has a sense of entitlement,
i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic
compliance with his or her expectations |
(5) Has a sense of entitlement,
i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic
compliance with his or her expectations |
| (6) Has a sense of entitlement:
unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment, e.g., assumes
that he or she does not have to wait in line when others must do so |
(6) Is interpersonally exploitative,
i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends |
(6) Is interpersonally exploitative,
i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends |
| (7) Requires constant attention
and admiration, e.g., keeps fishing for compliments |
(7) Lacks empathy: is unwilling
to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others |
(7) Lacks empathy: is unwilling
to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others |
| (8) Lack of empathy: inability
to recognize and experience how others feel, e.g., annoyance and surprise
when a friend who is seriously ill cancels a date |
(8) Is often envious of others
or believes that others are envious of him or her |
(8) Is often envious of others
or believes that others are envious of him or her |
| (9) Is preoccupied with feelings
of envy |
(9) Shows arrogant, haughty
behaviors or attitudes |
(9) Shows arrogant, haughty
behaviors or attitudes |
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