1. Understand Thorndike's "Puzzle Box" experiments. Why did he do them? What did he find? How did he interpret the results?

2. What was Watson's explanation of Thorndike's results? What are his views about the Law of Effect?

3. What was Guthrie's explanation of Thorndike's results? What are his views about the Law of Effect? How does he explain changes in behavior?

4. Understand Hull's "need reduction" and "drive-reduction" explanation of the Law of Effect. How does he explain changes in behavior? Why are Harlow's mother-love experiments interpreted as contradicting Hull's approach?

5. Understand Meehl's approach to the Law of Effect and the concept of transituationality. How does he explain changes in behavior?

6. Understand Skinner's "empirical" approach to the Law of Effect. How does he produce changes in behavior?

7. Be able to define positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment according to Skinner.

8. Be able to identify the occurrence or nonoccurrence of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment from descriptions of situations.

9. Imagine that we wanted to increase the amount of reading done by a teenager. What advice would be given by Thorndike, Hull, Meehl, Skinner, and Guthrie?

10. Understand Skinner's approach to shaping behavior.

11. What is the "operant" in operant conditioning?