1. Know the definition of and the relationship among the terms: radiance, illuminance, luminance, reflectance, and brightness.

2. Understand the basic physics of how and where light rays from an object end up in your eye. What is a "visual angle"?

3. In discussions about brightness, I said that the rule is "the coal is always black." Using two objects, like a piece of coal and a piece of chalk, explain what this statement means with respect to illuminance, luminance, and reflectance. Can I predict the amount of brightness if I know how much light energy is coming from an object?

4. Be able to describe the structures of the eye and the retina from the standpoint of a photon entering the eye. How are the photorecptors distributed in the retina? Where are they missing?

5. What is the dark adaptation curve? The Purkinje shift? What is the "duplex retina"? What is the evidence for having a duplex retina?

6. Understand how "lateral inhibition" works in horseshoe crab vision.

7. Understand how "lateral inhibition" applies to Mach bands and the Hermann Grid illusion. What is meant by calling this effect an illusion? Where is the illusion located in the Hermann Grid illusion?

8. Explain the simultaneous contrast illusion. Is it an illusion or is it real? Where is the illusion in the simultaneous contrast illusion? What does the effect tell us about the function of the visual system?

9. What is the relationship between wavelength and color? What are spectral colors? Nonspectral colors? Metamers?

10. Is white a color? Is white a wavelength? Is purple a color? Is purple a wavelength? Is yellow a color? Is yellow a wavelength?

11. What is the difference between hue, saturation, and brightness? What is the difference between hue and color? How many colors can we see?

12. How were the Munsell and CIE color systems developed? What are their similarities and differences?

13. Understand how additive and subtractive color mixing work in daily life. Explain how to make a coffee cup look purple, using additive and subtractive color mixing. Where do we encounter additive and subtractive color mixing in daily life?

14. Explain the development of trichromatic theory. What did Helmholtz do? What did he find?

15. Explain the development of opponent process theory. What did Hering consider to be critical evidence supporting his hypothetical color receptors?

17. Whose theory was correct, Helmholtz or Hering?

18. Know the location and shape of the spectral sensitivity curves for the three types of cone receptors in humans. Why do we label the cones as Short, Medium, & Long wavelength detectors instead of Blue, Green, and Red detectors?

19. At the level of the cones, how do we explain seeing white, blue, yellow, and purple?

20. What causes color blindness? Identify the three types of dichromats. What happens to the color world of individuals with each type of color blindness?

21. What is an Ishihara test? How does it work?