1. Understand sound waves and the physical measures of frequency (Hertz) and amplitude (decibel). What does it mean to go from 100 Hz to 200 Hz? What does 0 dB SPL mean? What does it mean to go from 0 dB to 40 dB SPL?

2. Understand describing sound waves as sine waves. In what sense is this description accurate and inaccurate? What happens when sound waves combine? What kinds of interference will be produced?

3. Know the difference between pitch and frequency, loudness and amplitude.

4. Know the structure of the ear. Be able to follow the sequence from a sound wave hitting the pinna to the bending of a hair cell. Understand the different functions of the Inner Hair Cells and the Outer Hair Cells.

5. Consider the cases of a 50 Hz and a 5000 Hz sound signal. Know how these signals affect the basilar membrane and produce different pitch experiences according to the Rutherford/Wever frequency/volley explanation and the place explanations of Helmholtz and Von Bekesy.

6. What is an evoked otoacoustic emission? Why does this happen? How can we use this emission to diagnose hearing loss? What is a spontaneous otoacoustic emission? What do these spontaneous otoacoustic emissions tell us about the basilar membrane?

7. What are the two types of hearing loss? What is presbycusis? Why does it happen?

8. What is an audibility function? How is it produced? Know the general shape of the function. What does this tell us about hearing?

9. What are equal loudness contours? How are they produced? Know the general shape of these functions. Functionally, what does these contours tell us about hearing?

10. What is the amplitude-frequency shift? Know the general shapes of these contours. How are they produced? Functionally, what do these contours tell us about hearing?

11. What were Steven's scales of loudness and pitch? How were they created?

12. Understand the azimuth system for indicating direction.

13. Know how interaural intensity differences contribute to localization of sounds. Does this work with all frequencies?

14. Know how interaural time differences contribute to localization of sounds. Does this work with all frequencies?

15. The duplex theory of sound localization was tested in an experiment by Stevens and Newman. What were the results? What do the results suggest for human hearing?

16. How does ventriloquism work? Can a person really "throw his voice"?

17. What is the cone of confusion? Why do we have difficulty discriminating between a sound located at 0 and at 180 degrees? Explain why moving your head makes localizing a sound easier.

18. What happens on your basilar membrane when I play a musical note on a piano, like a middle-C (262 Hz) . How is that different from a 262 Hz sine wave? What is a Fourier analysis? What does it mean to say that the basilar membrane is a Fourier analysis machine?

19. For musical notes, what is the fundamental frequency? What are harmonics? What is timbre? How did Helmholtz explain the relationship between pitch and timbre? What is the missing fundamental effect and why is it important?

19. What is the fundamental problem for the hearing system according to Auditory Scene Analysis? How does Gestalt psychology connect with Auditory Scene Analysis?

20. What is tone height? tone chroma? octave effect? Why does the octave effect occur? Why is the psychological scale for musical pitch shaped like a helix?

21. What is a Shephard note? What is the Shepard illusion? Why does it occur?

22. What is musical consonance and dissonance? What is the rule to predict how well two notes will sound together? Why does the rule work according to the physics of sound and the effects on the basilar membrane?