Timberlake Disequilibrium Approach
1. Reinforcement and Punishment effects are created by the contingency.
2. Reinforcement effects occur when the contingency produces a deficit in the amount of the contingent response (response deprivation).
3. Punishment effects occur when the contingency produces an excess in the amount of the contingent response (response excess).
4. The same contingent response can be a reinforcer or a punisher depending on the contingency.